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However, the utilitarian philosophy of the 18th and 19th centuries changed this trajectory. Jeremy Bentham challenged the Cartesian view by shifting the criteria for moral consideration from intelligence to sentience. In An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789), Bentham wrote his famous line regarding animals: "The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?"

Animal welfare is based on the position that it is morally acceptable for humans to use non-human animals for food, clothing, research, entertainment, and companionship, provided that the animals are treated humanely and not subjected to "unnecessary" suffering. However, the utilitarian philosophy of the 18th and

| Aspect | Animal Welfare | Animal Rights | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | Yes, with humane limits | No, not for any purpose | | Goal | Reduce suffering, improve conditions | End exploitation, grant legal rights | | On slaughter | Acceptable if painless and humane | Unacceptable; killing a healthy animal who wants to live is always wrong | | On animal research | Acceptable with 3Rs (Replace, Reduce, Refine) | Unacceptable; animals are not tools | | On pet ownership | Acceptable with responsible care | Often contested (breeding = exploitation; adopting rescues may be acceptable) | | Legal strategy | Strengthen anti-cruelty laws, improve industry standards | Seek legal personhood for animals (e.g., habeas corpus for chimpanzees) | nor, Can they talk

The right to an environment that allows for natural behaviors in the wild. How to Take Action Animal Welfare Act | National Agricultural Library - USDA How to Take Action Animal Welfare Act |