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The physical environment through which the signal travels (air, vacuum, water).
Older versions focus heavily on 2G/3G (GSM, WCDMA) and WiFi 4 (802.11n). You will not find 5G NR, 6G, or LoRa/WAN content. Wireless Communication From The Ground Up Pdf
A measure of the antenna's capability to direct RF energy in a specific direction compared to an isotropic radiator (which radiates equally in all directions). The physical environment through which the signal travels
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