In Python, classes are objects themselves. Metaclasses are the classes of these class-objects. They allow you to intercept class creation and modify the class definition, which is useful for frameworks and API development.
: Since classes are instances of type , you can create a custom metaclass by inheriting from type . This allows you to automatically modify classes at creation time—for example, to enforce that all methods have docstrings or to register classes in a central registry. python 3 deep dive part 4 oop high quality
ABCs define interfaces. They are not for performance; they are for . In Python, classes are objects themselves
Inheritance couples your code tightly. Prefer composition (building complex objects out of smaller, independent objects) to keep your code flexible and modular. abstractmethod and Abstract Base Classes (ABCs) python 3 deep dive part 4 oop high quality